Home / Special Issue / JSSH Vol. 29 (S1) 2021 / JSSH(S)-1490-2021

 

Validity and Reliability of a Self-Acceptance Scale for Youth with Physical Disabilities

Nor Wahiza Abdul Wahat, Seyedali Ahrari, Jeffrey Lawrence D’Silva, Noraini Mohamed and Siti Aishah Hassan

Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, Volume 29, Issue S1, December 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.29.s1.04

Keywords: Self-acceptance scale, measurement, youth with a disability

Published on: 14 April 2021

Youth with disabilities generally struggle to earn a good livelihood as they journey through life. Disability acceptance is acceptance of impairment or loss of worth or acceptance of failure in the sense of disability.  It involves changes in one’s values, placing less importance on one’s physical disability and more on one’s remaining assets or abilities. To develop the Self-Acceptance Scale for youth with physical disabilities (SAS-PD), this study adopted the sequential exploratory design. The scale was administered on 247 persons with physical disabilities. Following the compilation and analysis of qualitative data, a quantitative study was conducted. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) identified six factors, viz. social stigma, enlargement, and asset value, containment of disability effect, family support, and body acceptance that were represented by fifty items in a questionnaire that covered the attributes examined in the scale. The assessment of the level of self-acceptance by youth with disabilities using the SAS-PD may be a valuable intervention for transition programs. Going forward, the scale could also be used to build the profile of people with physical disabilities before they begin participating in any face to face or virtual training program. The assessment of youth with disability self-acceptance level enables their parents and teachers to be aware of their mental state and lead to more strategic planning for the teaching-learning approach.

  • Abdul Wahat, N. W., & Hamid, T. R. A. (2018). Motivational virtual training for people with disabilities in rural areas of Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 26(T), 155–164.

  • Abeza, G., O’Reilly, N., Dottori, M., Séguin, B., & Nzindukiyimana, O. (2015). Mixed methods research in sport marketing. International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 9(1), 40–56. doi: 10.1080/18340806.2015.1076758

  • Anaby, D., Hand, C., Bradley, L., DiRezze, B., Forhan, M., DiGiacomo, A., & Law, M. (2013). The effect of the environment on participation of children and youth with disabilities: A scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35(19), 1589–1598. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2012.748840

  • Bennett, C. L., Peil, B., & Rosner, D. K. (2019). Biographical prototypes: Reimagining recognition and disability in design. Proceedings of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems Conference, 35–47. doi: 10.1145/3322276.332237

  • Berg, K. L., Shiu, C. S., Msall, M. E., & Acharya, K. (2015). Victimization and depression among youth with disabilities in the US child welfare system. Child: Care, Health and Development, 41(6), 989–999. doi: 10.1111/cch.12233

  • Bergner, M., Bobbitt, R. A., Pollard, W. E., Martin, D. P., & Gilson, B. S. (1976). The sickness impact profile: Validation of a health status measure. Medical Care, 14(1), 57–67. doi: 10.1097/00005650-197601000-00006

  • Carl, B. C. (2013). Acceptance of disability in college students [Unpublished Doctoral thesis]. Brigham Young University.

  • Chai, Q., Yuan, Z., & Zhang, Q. (2016). Factors influencing acceptance of disability among stroke patients in Tianjin, China: A cross-sectional study. NeuroRehabilitation, 38(1), 37–44. doi: 10.3233/nre-151293

  • Chamberlain, J. M., & Haaga, D. A. (2001). Unconditional self-acceptance and psychological health. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 19(3), 163–176. doi: 10.1023/a:1011189416600

  • Chen, R. K., Kotbungkair, W., & Brown, A. D. (2015). A comparison of self-acceptance of disability between Thai Buddhists and American Christians. Journal of Rehabilitation, 81(1), 52–62.

  • Chiu, S. Y., Livneh, H., Tsao, L. L., & Tsai, T. Y. (2013). Acceptance of disability and its predictors among stroke patients in Taiwan. BMC Neurology, 13(1), 175-191. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-13-175

  • Çokluk, Ö., & Koçak, D. (2016). Using Horn’s parallel analysis method in exploratory factor analysis for determining the number of factors. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 16(2), 537–551. doi: 10.12738/estp.2016.2.0328

  • da Rocha Morgado, F. F., Campana, A. N. N. B., & Fernandes, M. da C. G. C. (2014). Development and validation of the self-acceptance scale for persons with early blindness: The SAS-EB. PloS One, 9(9), 1–9. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106848

  • Derogatis, L. R., & Lopez, M. C. (1983). The psychosocial adjustment to illness scale: Administration, scoring and procedures manual. Clinical Psychometric Research.

  • DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications (4th Ed., Vol. 26). Sage publications.

  • Dunn, D. S. (2019). Outsider privileges can lead to insider disadvantages: Some psychosocial aspects of Ableism. Journal of Social Issue, 16(4), 1–16.

  • Ellis, A. (2005). Can rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) resolve their differences and be integrated? Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 23(2), 153–168. doi: 10.1007/s10942-005-0008-8

  • Ferrin, J. M., Chan, F., Chronister, J., & Chiu, C. Y. (2011). Psychometric validation of the multidimensional acceptance of loss scale. Clinical Rehabilitation, 25(2), 166–174.

  • Ghoroghi, S., Hassan, S. A., & Baba, M. (2015). Marital adjustment and duration of marriage among postgraduate Iranian students in Malaysia. International Education Studies, 8(2), 50-59. doi: 10.5539/ies.v8n2p5

  • Gorter, J. W., Stewart, D., Smith, M. W., King, G., Wright, M., Nguyen, T., Freeman, M., & Swinton, M. (2014). Pathways toward positive psychosocial outcomes and mental health for youth with disabilities: A knowledge synthesis of developmental trajectories. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 33(1), 45-61. doi: 10.7870/cjcmh-2014-00

  • Groomes, D. A. G., & Linkowski, D. C. (2007). Examining the structure of the revised acceptance disability scale. Journal of Rehabilitation, 73(3), 3–9.

  • Heslop, P., & Gordon, D. (2014). Trends in poverty and disadvantage among households with disabled people from 1999–2012: From exclusion to inclusion? Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, 22(3), 209–226. doi: 10.1332/175982714x1412085425700

  • Jo, S. J., Chen, R. K., & Kosciulek, J. F. (2010). Employment outcomes among individuals with visual impairments: The role of client satisfaction and acceptance of vision loss. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 41(3), 3–8. doi: 10.1891/0047-2220.41.3.3

  • Johnson, H., Douglas, J., Bigby, C., & Iacono, T. (2012). Social interaction with adults with severe intellectual disability: Having fun and hanging out. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 25(4), 329–341. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2011.00669.

  • Karim, N. A., & Hassan, S. A. (2019). The multiculturalism practice in trend, factors and adaptation of employment of people with disabilities: A systematic review. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 15(SUPP1), 140-146.

  • Keith, T. Z., Caemmerer, J. M., & Reynolds, M. R. (2016). Comparison of methods for factor extraction for cognitive test-like data: Which overfactor, which underfactor? Intelligence, 54, 37–54. doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2015.11.00

  • Kim, K. H., & Turnbull, A. P. (2004). Transition to adulthood for students with severe intellectual disabilities: Shifting toward person-family interdependent planning. Research & Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 29(1), 53–57.

  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th Ed.). Guilford Press.

  • Lavasani, S. S., Wahat, N. A. & Ortega, A., (2015). Work ability of employees with disabilities in Malaysia. Disability, CBR & Inclusive Development, 26(2), 22-46. doi: 10.5463/dcid.v26i2.428

  • Li, P. Y., Fu, N. N., Li, Q. Y., Wang, G. F., Gao, L., & Zhang, X. (2020). The Griffiths Development Scales-Chinese (GDS-C): A reliable and valid neurodevelopmental assessment tool in children with ASD aged 3-8 years old in Tianjin, China. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102144. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102144

  • Livneh, H., & Antonak, R. F. (1990). Reactions to disability: An empirical investigation of their nature and structure. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 21(4), 13–21. doi: 10.1891/0047-2220.21.4.1

  • Livneh, H., & Antonak, R. F. (2005). Psychosocial adaptation to chronic illness and disability: A primer for counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 83(1), 12–20. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00575.x

  • Mach, H., Baylor, C., Pompon, R. H., & Yorkston, K. (2019). Third-party disability in family members of people with communication disorders associated with Parkinson’s disease. Topics in Language Disorders, 39(1), 71–88. doi: 10.1097/tld.0000000000000172

  • Meeks, L. M., Herzer, K., & Jain, N. R. (2018). Removing barriers and facilitating access: Increasing the number of physicians with disabilities. Academic Medicine, 93(4), 540–543. doi: 10.1097/acm.0000000000002112

  • Millon, T., Green, C. J., & Meagher, R. B. (1979). The MBHI: A new inventory for the psychodiagnostician in medical settings. Professional Psychology, 10(4), 529–539. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.10.4.529

  • Nicholls, E., Lehan, T., Plaza, S. L. O., Deng, X., Romero, J. L. P., Pizarro, J. A. A., & Carlos Arango-Lasprilla, J. (2012). Factors influencing acceptance of disability in individuals with spinal cord injury in Neiva, Colombia, South America. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(13), 1082–1088. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2011.63168

  • Olkin, R. (2017). Disability-affirmative therapy: A case formulation template for clients with disabilities. Oxford.

  • Perrin, P. B. (2019). Diversity and social justice in disability: The heart and soul of rehabilitation psychology. Rehabilitation Psychology, 64(2), 105-110. doi: 10.1037/rep0000278

  • Plexico, L. W., Erath, S., Shores, H., & Burrus, E. (2019). Self-acceptance, resilience, coping and satisfaction of life in people who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 59, 52–63. doi: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.10.004

  • Ramli, N. F., Talib, O., Hassan, S. A., & Manaf, U. K. A. (2020). Development and validation of an instrument to measure STEM teachers’ instructional preparedness. Asian Journal of University Education, 16(3), 193-207. doi: 10.24191/ajue.v16i3.1108

  • Sabouripour, F., & Roslan, S. (2015). Resilience, optimism and social support among international students. Asian Social Science, 11(15), 159–170. doi: 10.5539/as.v11n15p159

  • Sahranavard, M., & Hassan, S. A. (2015). Investigation of construct validity of state anxiety inventory among Iranian 8th grade students. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(1), 63-70. doi: 10.3923/ajaps.2015.63.70

  • Sánchez, J., Emre, U., Barbara, S., Erin, B., Fong, C., & Bezyak, J. L. (2016). Measurement structure of an abbreviated and modified version of the adaptation to disability scale-revised for individuals with severe mental illness. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 47(3), 41–49. doi: 10.1891/0047-2220.47.3.4

  • Schuh, M. C., Sundar, V., & Hagner, D. C. (2015). Friendship is the ocean: Importance of friendship, acceptance, and leadership in the transition to adulthood. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 38(3), 152–161. doi: 10.1177/216514341452803

  • Shek, D. T. L., & Yu, L. (2014). Construct validity of the Chinese version of the psycho-educational profile-(CPEP-3). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(11), 2832–2843. doi: 10.1007/s10803-014-2143-

  • Tandon, R. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: Preserving humanity, maintaining sanity, and promoting health. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 1–4. doi: 10.1016j.ajp.2020.102256

  • Townend, E., Tinson, D., Kwan, J., & Sharpe, M. (2010). ‘Feeling sad and useless’: An investigation into personal acceptance of disability and its association with depression following stroke. Clinical Rehabilitation, 24(6), 555–564. doi: 10.1177/0269215509358934

  • Travlos, V., Patman, S., Wilson, A., Simcock, G., & Downs, J. (2017). Quality of life and psychosocial well-being in youth with neuromuscular disorders who are wheelchair users: A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 98(5), 1004–1017. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.10.01

  • Tutuncu, O. (2017). Investigating the accessibility factors affecting hotel satisfaction of people with physical disabilities. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 65, 29–36. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.06.002

  • Tylka, T. L. (2011). Positive psychology perspectives on body image. In T. F. Cash & L. Smolak (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention (pp. 657-663). The Guilford Press.

  • Walters, J. (2000). Postsecondary education and individuals with disabilities: Recommendations to New York State for strategies to increase access and opportunity (Report of the task force on postsecondary education and disabilities with comments from the Expert Panel, Presidents’ Panel, Regional Public Forums and Task Force Steering Committee.). ERIC.

  • Weaver, B., & Maxwell, H. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis with missing data: A simple method for SPSS users. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 10(2), 143–152. doi: 10.20982/tqmp.10.2.p143

  • Wehman, P. (2006). Life beyond the classroom: Transition strategies for young people with disabilities. Paul H Brookes Publishing.

  • Wehmeyer, M. L., Agran, M., & Hughes, C. (1998). Teaching self-determination to students with disabilities: Basic skills for successful transition. Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.

ISSN 0128-7702

e-ISSN 2231-8534

Article ID

JSSH(S)-1490-2021

Download Full Article PDF

Share this article

Recent Articles