PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

By integrating social exchange theory, the norm activation model, and the theory of planned behaviour, this study investigates the effects of awareness of environmental consequences (AEC), environmental attitudes (EA), and local communities’ attachments (LCA) on perceptions of tourism impacts, including economic, environmental, social, and physical impacts. Four hundred seventy-eight responses were collected from local communities in Bogor Regency, Indonesia, and the data was analysed using Smart PLS version 4. This study analyses all factors influencing perceptions of tourism impacts to fill the gap from earlier conceptual and empirical studies. Further, it was found that environmental attitudes needed to influence all perceptions of tourism impacts, and local communities also needed to influence perceptions of social impacts. By analysing a thorough model, this study advances factors of perception of tourism impacts by providing supporting and non-supporting factors. Practical applications and potential research directions are discussed.

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