PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

J

• Ahmed, M. (2018). Guesthouses in the Maldives: Towards community-based tourism. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, 4(1), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.41.2004
  
  American Hotel and Lodging Association. (2020, March 6). Hotels are united on safe stay. AHLA. https://www.ahla.com/safestay
  
  Avas. (2020, September 15). Local tourism sector expresses concerns to tourism minister. Avas.mv - Maldives news leader. https://avas.mv/en/88805
  
  Balasubramanian, K., & Hanafiah, M. H. (2022). What innovations would enable the tourism and hospitality industry in Malaysia to rebuild? Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 14(6), 596-603. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-05-2022-0057.
  
  Balasubramanian, K., & Konar, R. (2022). Moving forward with augmented reality menu: Changes in food consumption behaviour patterns. Journal of Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism, 11(3), 91-96.
  
  Bisby, A. (2020, March 17). Coronavirus-fuelled tourism meltdown yields pros and cons for conservation. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://www.theglobeandmail.com
  
  Bhaskara, G., Filimonau, V., Wijaya, N., & Suryasih, I. (2020). The future of tourism in light of increasing natural disasters. Journal of Tourism Futures, 7(2), 174-178. https://doi.org/10.1108/jtf-10-2019-0107
  
  Carr, A. (2020). COVID-19, indigenous peoples and tourism: A view from New Zealand. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 491-502. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1768433
  
  Chang, J. Y. S., Konar, R., Cheah, J. H., & Lim, X. J. (2024). Does privacy still matter in smart technology experience? A conditional mediation analysis. Journal of Marketing Analytics, 12(1), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41270-023-00240-8
  
  Chemli, S., Toanoglou, M., & Valeri, M. (2022). The impact of Covid-19 media coverage on tourist’s awareness for future travelling. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(2), 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1846502
  
  Chia, K. W., & Muiz, A. (2020). The nature and challenges of guest house business in the Maldives: An exploratory study. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 21(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358420926688.
  
  Connor, P. (2020, April 14). More than nine-in-ten people worldwide live in countries with travel restrictions amid COVID-19. Pew Research Center. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://www.pewresearch.org
  
  COVID-19 Response. (2020a). Phase I - Measures to ease lockdown. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://www.gov.mv/en/covid19/publications/measures-to-ease-lockdown
  
  COVID-19 Response. (2020b). Phase III - Measures to Ease Lockdown. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://www.gov.mv/en/covid19/news-and-communications/phase-iii-measures-to-ease-lockdown
  
  Cripps, K. (2020, July 16). The Maldives is now open to all global tourists. Here is how they are doing it. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/maldives-reopens-tourism/index.html
  
  Davahli, M., R., Karwowski, W., S., S., & Apostolopoulos, Y. (2020). The hospitality industry in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic: Current topics and research methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207366
  
  Donbak, E. R., Kirpik, G., & Valeri, M. (2022). An overview of crisis management in hospitality enterprises: The case of operating at an international level hotel in adiyaman. In M. Valeri (Ed.), Tourism risk (pp. 81-102). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-708-520221006
  
  European Parliament. (2020a). COVID-19 and the tourism sector. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2020/649368/
  EPRS_ATA(2020)649368_EN.pdf
  
  European Parliament. (2020b). Economic impact of epidemics and pandemics. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/646195/
  EPRS_BRI(2020)646195_EN.pdf
  
  Hadad-Zervos, F. (2022). Beyond tourism: The evolving narrative of Maldives’ growth. World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/endpovertyinsouthasia/beyond-tourism-evolving-narrative-maldives-growth#:~:text=Tourism%20and%20related%20
  services%20directly,all%20corners%20of%20the%20archipelago.
  
  Hall, C. (2012). Island, islands, vulnerability and resilience. Tourism Recreation Research, 37(2), 177-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2012.11081703
  
  Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2020). Socialising tourism for social and ecological justice after COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 610-623. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1757748
  
  International Air Transport Association. (2020). IATA Annual Review 2020. Retrieved from January 15, 2024, https://www.iata.org/contentassets/c81222d96c9a4e0bb4ff6ced0126f0bb/iata-annual-review-2020.pdf
  
  International Labour Organization. (2020a). COVID-19 and employment in the tourism sector: Impact and response in Asia and the Pacific. In the tourism sector: ILO research highlights massive COVID-19 impact on tourism employment in Asia and the Pacific (pp., 12-15). ILO.
  
  International Labour Organization. (2020b). Thematic brief: COVID-19 and employment in the tourism sector: Impact and response in Asia and the Pacific. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/briefingnote/wcms_742664.pdf
  
  Israeli, A. A., & Reichel, A. (2003). Hospitality crisis management practices: The Israeli case. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22(4), 353-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4319(03)00070-7
  
  Januzi, S. (2020, July 29). EU to remove Algeria from its list of safe third-countries. Schengen.news. https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/eu-to-remove-algeria-from-its-list-of-safe-third-countries/
  
  Kiryakova-Dineva, T., & Bozhkova, R. (2021). Public health risk environment for Bulgarian SMEs (guest houses and Family Hotels) in the COVID-19 pandemic. In D. Toubes & N. Araújo-Vila (Eds.), Risk, crisis, and disaster management in small and medium-sized tourism enterprises (pp. 77-102). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6996-2.ch004
  
  Koliopoulos, T., & Valeri, M. (2022). Efficient healthcare policy and engineering management facilities for planning sustainable tourism development in post-covid-19 crisis recovery. In M. Valeri (Ed.), Tourism risk (pp. 155-162). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-708-520221011
  
  Kubíčková, H., & Holešinská, A. (2022). Strategies of tourism service providers to cope with the COVID-19 Pandemic. DETUROPE - the Central European Journal of Tourism and Regional Development, 13(3), 118-129. https://doi.org/10.32725/det.2021.022
  
  Kucheran, T. (2020). Countries reopening their borders for tourism: The complete list. Travel off Path. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://www.traveloffpath.com/countries-reopening-their-borders-for-tourism-the-complete-list/#:~:text=Austria%20has%20officially
  %20reopened%20its%20borders%20to%20for,visit%20Austria%20without%20a
  %20quarantine%20period%20or%20testing.
  
  Kumar, J., Nazir, F., & Bayram, G. E. (2024). Pandemic management in the tourism industry: The role of government in mitigating COVID-19. In G. K. Bayram & A. Sharma (Eds.), Dynamics of the tourism industry (pp. 95-110). Apple Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003455431-7
  
  Kumar, J., Shagirbasha, S., & Konar, R. (2023). Destination image, COVID-19 perceived risk and intention to travel: Malaysian case. Academica Turistica-Tourism and Innovation Journal, 16(2), 221-232. https://doi.org/10.26493/2335-4194.16.221-232
  
  Kumar, S., Shekhar, Valeri, M., & Sageena, G. (2022). Spiritual tourism transition: An ethos of hope during COVID-19 crisis from Indian perspectives. In M. Valeri (Ed.), Tourism risk (pp. 281-301). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-708-520221018
  
  Maldives Insider. (2020). Maldives guesthouses say coronavirus losses to reach $28.9 mln. Maldives Insider. https://maldives.net.mv/36197/maldives-guesthouses-say-coronavirus-losses-to-reach-28-9-mln/
  
  Menon, P. (2020, June 8). New Zealand says coronavirus ‘eliminated’ and life can resume without restrictions. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/new-zealand-coronavirus-eliminated-restrictions-covid19-jacinda-arden/
  
  Ministry of Economic Development. (2020). Rapid livelihood assessment: Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis in the Maldives. Republic of Maldives.
  
  Ministry of Tourism. (2020). Registered facilities. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://www.tourism.gov.mv/en/facilities/registered
  
  Napierała, T., Leśniewska-Napierała, K., & Burski, R. (2020). Impact of geographic distribution of COVID-19 cases on hotels’ performances: Case of Polish cities. Sustainability, 12(11), 4697. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114697
  
  Ong, M. (2020, July 23). Sabre’s APAC travel sentiment survey reveals 6 key findings that the travel industry can leverage for COVID-19 recovery. Sabre Asia Pacific. Retrieved from https://www.sabre.com/locations/apac/releases/sabres-apac-travel-sentiment-survey-reveals-6-key-findings-that-the-travel-industry-can-leverage-for-covid-19-recovery/
  
  Paul, M. (2020, March 25). COVID-19 crisis: Travel industry is worst-affected sector, stocks tank 70%. CNBC. Retrieved from https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/covid-19-crisis-travel-industry-is-worst-affected-sector-stocks-tank-70-5553601.htm
  
  Poulaki, P., Stavrakakis, I., Tarazonas, D., Vasilakis, N., & Valeri, M. (2022). Crisis management in tourism: COVID-19 pandemic in Greece. In M. Valeri (Ed.), Tourism risk (pp. 103-113). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-708-520221007
  
  Rehan, M. (2020). Over 100k tourist booking cancellations to Maldives. The Press. https://en.thepress.mv/10232
  
  Rodríguez-Antón, J., M., & Alonso-Almeida, M. D. M. (2020). COVID-19 impacts and recovery strategies: The case of the hospitality industry in Spain. Sustainability, 12(20), 8599. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208599
  
  Schmid, L. G., Gugushvili, T., & Kohler, T. (2022). The rise of guesthouse tourism in the greater Caucasus and the effects of the Covid pandemic. The example of Lagodekhi Town and its Protected Area, Georgia. Erdkunde, 76(1), 41-58. https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2022.01.03
  
  Segal, H., Oaten, S., & Le Quesne, K. (2015). Adapting to uncertainty - The Global Hotel Industry. In The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report (Issue January, 2010). http://reports.weforum.org/travel-and-tourism-competitiveness-report-2015/chapter-1-2-adapting-to-uncertainty-the-global-hotel-industry/
  
  Sucheran, R. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic and guesthouses in South Africa: Economic impacts and recovery measures. Development Southern Africa, 39(1), 35-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2021.2003758
  
  Taherdoost, H. (2016). Sampling methods in research methodology; How to choose a sampling technique for research. SSRN Electronic Journal (April 10, 2016). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3205035
  
  Thibedeau, H. (2020, May 26). Devastated by the pandemic, Canada’s hotels make plans to reopen. CBC. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pandemic-coronavirus-covid-hotels-1.5585215
  
  Travel Trade Maldives. (2019, December 21). UI Maldives wins Leading Guesthouse in Central Maldives at the Maldives Travel Awards 2019. Travel Trade Maldives. https://www.traveltrademaldives.com/ui-maldives-wins-leading-guesthouse-in-central-maldives-at-the-maldives-travel-awards-2019/
  
  UNWTO. (2020a). As tourism restarts, our responsibilities remain. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://www.unwto.org/news/as-tourism-restarts-our-responsibilities-remain
  
  UNWTO. (2020b). UNTWO World Tourism Barometer May 2020. Special focus on the Impact of COVID-19. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2020-05/Barometer%20-%20May%202020%20-%20Short.pdf
  
  UNWTO. (2020c). Restrictions on travel easing as Europe leads cautious restart of tourism. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://www.unwto.org/news/restrictions-on-travel-easing-as-europe-leads-cautious-restart-of-tourism
  
  UNWTO. (2020d). UNWTO launches global guideline to reopen tourism. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2020-05/200528-Global%20Recovery%20Guidelines%20EN.pdf
  
  Wen, J., Kozak, M., Yang, S., & Liu, F. (2020). COVID-19: Potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel. Tourism Review, 76(1), 74-87. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-03-2020-0110
  
  Worldometer. (2020). COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
  
  World Bank Group. (2020). Rebuilding tourism competitiveness. Tourism response, recovery and resilience to the COVID-19 crisis. Retrieved January 15, 2024, from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/34348/Rebuilding-Tourism-Competitiveness-Tourism-response-recovery-and-resilience-to-the-COVID-19-crisis.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y
  
  World Health Organization. (2020). Health system response to COVID-19. World Health Organization, Maldives. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/maldives/hs-response-to-covid19-in-maldives-wco-june-2020.pdf?sfvrsn=eb72612a_2#:~:text=On%2012%20
  March%2C%20Maldives%20declared,has%20been%20extended%20since%20then.&text=
  As%20of%2010%20June%202020,deaths%20and
  %201%2C121%20have%20recovered.
  
  Zu, Z., Jiang, M., Xu, P., Chen, W., Ni, Q., Lu, G., & Zhang, L. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019. (COVID-19): A perspective from China. Radiology, 296(2), E15-E25. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200490