Jewel orchids are usually recognised by their distinctive foliar and can be found in undisturbed habitats, such as Crocker Range Park, Sabah. The pristine habitat in the park provided a suitable condition for jewel orchids to thrive in their habitat. In Malaysia, jewel orchids are appreciated for their ornamental value due to their uniqueness. At the same time, in other countries, it was reported that jewel orchids are used as medicinal plants due to their medicinal properties. Although jewel orchids have been recorded in Sabah, specific studies and species checklists have yet to be made for the Crocker Range Park due to insufficient data. Moreover, the current conservation status of all recorded jewel orchid species in Sabah remains unknown. Therefore, this study comprises a review of information on jewel orchid species in the park, including other general or worldwide diversity, economic importance, conservation status, and action plans. This review used secondary data, including fieldwork collections, checklists, published journals, and available online data. From the review, eight genera and ten species of jewel orchids have been recorded in the park. Three endemic species were found from all recorded species: Anoectochilus monicae J. J. Wood, Goodyera condensata Ormerod& J. J. Wood, and Goodyera rostellata Ames & C. Schweinf. The outcome of this study can be utilised in the upcoming diversity study on jewel orchids in the park while providing the baseline for a management plan for the conservation of jewel orchids in the park.

• Besi, E. E., Nikong, D., Esa, M. I. M., Mus, A. A., Nelson, H. V., Mohamad, N. N., Ombokou, R., Rusdi, N. A., David, D., Aziz, Zaleha, A. A., & Go, R. (2021). A species checklist of wild orchids in selected sites in Kadamaian, Kota Belud, Sabah. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 18, 131-147. https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v18i.3449

• Bhattacharjee, A., & Chowdhery, H. J. (2012). Notes on two species of Goodyera (Orchidaceae). Kew Bulletin, 67, 503-510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-012-9388-y

• Brundrett, M. C., Scade, A., Batty, A. L., Dixon, K. W., & Sivasithamparam, K. (2003). Development of in situ and ex situ seed baiting techniques to detect mycorrhizal fungi from terrestrial orchid habitats. Mycological Research, 107(10), 1210-1220. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756203008463

• Cameron, K. M., Chase, M. W., Whitten, W. M., Kores, P. J., Jarrell, D. C., Albert, V. A., Yukawa, T., Hills, H. G., & Goldman, D. H. (1999). A phylogenetic analysis of the Orchidaceae: Evidence from rbcL nucleotide sequences. American Journal of Botany, 86(2), 208-224. https://doi.org/10.2307/2656938

• Chan, C. L., Lamb, A., Shim, P. S., & Wood, J. J. (1994). Orchid of Borneo (Vol. 1). Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.

• Chase, M. W., Cameron, K. M., Freudenstein, J. V., Pridgeon, A. M., Salazar, G., van den Berg, C., & Schuiteman, A. (2015). An updated classification of Orchidaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 177(2), 151-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12234

• Chen, S.-P., Tian, H.-Z., Guan, Q.-X., Zhai, J.-W., Zhang, G.-Q., Chen, L.-J., Liu, Z.-J., Lan, S.-R., & Li, M.-H. (2019). Molecular systematics of Goodyerinae (Cranichideae, Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) based on multiple nuclear and plastid regions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106542

• Cribb, P., & Vermeulen, J. J. (1991). Orchids of Borneo: Bulbophyllum. Bentham Moxon Trust, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew.

• Dai, L.-Y., Yin, Q.-M., Qiu, J.-K., Zhang, Z.-Y., Li, G., Huang, M.-N., & Liu, L. (2021). Goodyschle A, a new butenolide with significant BchE inhibitory activity from Goodyera schlechtendaliana. Natural Product Research, 35(23), 4916-4921. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1744142

• Das, I. (2006). Crocker Range National Park, Sabah, as a refuge for Borneo’s montane herpetofauna. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 4(1), 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1514/journal.arc.0040015

• Davies, K. L. (2009). Morphology: Food-hair form and diversification in orchids. In T. Kull, J. Arditti, & S. M. Wong (Eds.), Orchid biology: Reviews and perspectives, X (pp. 159-184). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8802-5_4

• de Loubresse, X. G. (2021, August 21). Jewel orchids in Europe [Paper presentation]. Canadian Orchid Congress Speaker’s Day: The Fascinating World of Jewel Orchids and Their Care, Canada. https://canadianorchidcongress.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/COC2021_SUMMER_SPECIAL_ISSUE.pdf

• De, L. C. (2013, March 8-9). Priorities in post-harvest management and value addition in orchids [Paper presentation]. National Dialogue on ‘Orchid Conservation and Sustainable Development for Community Livelihood’, Gangtok, India. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27383.98727

• De, L. C., & Pathak, P. (2018). Conservation, management and utilization of orchid genetic resources. The Journal of the Orchid Society of India, 32, 81-91.

• Dressler, R. L. (1982). The orchids: Natural history and classification. Taxon, 31(4), 782-783. https://doi.org/10.2307/1219717

• Dressler, R. L. (1993). Phylogeny and classification of the orchid family. Cambridge University Press.

• Gaveau, D. L. A., Sloan, S., Molidena, E., Yaen, H., Sheil, D., Abram, N. K., Ancrenaz, M., Nasi, R., Quinones, M., Wielaard, N., & Meijaard, E. (2014). Four decades of forest persistence, clearance and logging on Borneo. PLOS One, 9(7), e101654. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101654

• Go, R., Besi, E. E., Dahalan, M. P., Ahmad, R., Ahmadni, A. S. A., & Pungga, R. S. (2020). Orchid conservation initiatives in Malaysia. Preprints, 2020, 2020110656. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202011.0656.v1

• Hayden, W. J. (2016). Jewels of the Orchidaceae. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/232783233.pdf

• Hu, C., Tian, H., Li, H., Hu, A., Xing, F., Bhattacharjee, A., Hsu, T., Kumar, P., & Chung, S. (2016). Phylogenetic analysis of a ‘jewel orchid’ genus Goodyera (Orchidaceae) based on DNA sequence data from nuclear and plastid regions. PLOS One, 11(2), e0150366. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150366

• Indan, H., David, D., Jawan, R., Marbawi, H., & Gansau, J. A. (2021). Development and characterization of flower and capsule in Borneo jewel orchid Macodes limii J. J Wood and A. L. Lamb (Orchidaceae: Asparagales). Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 14(2), 236-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2021.03.001

• International Union for Conservation of Nature. (2022). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ (Version 2022-2). https://www.iucnredlist.org

• Ioki, K., Din, N. M., Ludwig, R., James, D., Hue, S. W., Johari, S. A., Awang, R. A., Anthony, R., & Phua, M.-H. (2019). Supporting forest conservation through community-based land use planning and participatory GIS–lessons from Crocker Range Park, Malaysian Borneo. Journal for Nature Conservation, 52, 125740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2019.125740

• Juswara, L. S. (2010). Phylogenetic analyses of subtribe Goodyerinae and revision of Goodyera section Goodyera (Orchidaceae) from Indonesia, and fungal association of Goodyera section Goodyera [Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center, http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275490522

• Kayalvizhi, K., Divya, K., & Sankari, A. (2020). Medicinal orchids – An overview. Biotica Research Today, 2(10), 1084-1087.

• Krumov, N. P., Hristova, V. A., Bonchev, G. N., & Zhiponova, M. K. (2022). Review on biological and biotechnological characteristics of the terrestrial orchid Ludisia discolor. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371576908_REVIEW_ON_BIOLOGICAL_AND_BIOTECHNOLOGICAL_CHARACTERISTICS_OF_THE_TERRESTRIAL_ORCHID_LUDISIA_DISCOLOR

• Lamb, A. (1991). Orchids of Sabah and Sarawak. In R. Kiew (Ed.), The state of nature conservation in Malaysia (pp. 78-88). Malayan Nature Society.

• Latiff, A., Ahmad, B., Ibrahim, A. Z., & Mat-Salleh, K. (2001). An account and preliminary checklist of the angiosperms and gymnosperms of Crocker Range, Sabah. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237121415_AN_ACCOUNT_AND_PRELIMINARY_CHECKLIST_OF_THE_ANGIOSPERMS_AND_GYMNOSPERMS_OF_CROCKER_RANGE_SABAH

• Lok, A. F. S. L., Ang, W. F., & Tan, H. T. W. (2011). The status of in Singapore of Cystorchis variegata Bl. (Orchidaceae). Nature in Singapore, 4, 25-29.

• Majit, H. F., Lamb, A., Miadin, R., & Suleiman, M. (2014). The wild orchids of Crocker range national park, Sabah, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 66(4), 440-462.

• Majit, H. F., Suleiman, M., & Repin, R. (2011). Diversity and abundance of orchids in Crocker Range Park, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation, 8, 73-81. https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v0i8.226

• Medhi, R. P., Chakraborti, M., & Rampal. (2012). Orchid biodiversity in India: Conservation and utilization. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 72(2), 148-156.

• Meitei, A. L., Pamarthi, R. K., Kumar, R., Bhutia, N. T., Rai, D., Babu, P. K., Singh A. K., Gazmer, R., & Singh, D. R. (2019). Dendrobium nobile orchid in traditional medicine - A phytochemical analysis. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 76(3), 557-560. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-0112.2019.00090.2

• Merritt, D. J., Hay, F. R., Swarts, N. D., Sommerville, K. D., & Dixon, K. W. (2014). Ex situ conservation and cryopreservation of orchid germplasm. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 175(1), 46-58. https://doi.org/10.1086/673370

• Miadin, R., Masius, G., Dolois, S., & Yapok, M. (2005). Orchid collection from Melalap Scientific Expedition. In M. Maryati, N. Manshoor, & A. Takahashi (Eds.), Proceedings of Melalap Scientific Expedition (pp. 57-60). Universiti Malaysia Sabah Press.

• Niissalo, M. A., & Choo, L. M. (2021). Flora of Singapore precursors, 25: Taxonomic notes on new discoveries from Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, including two native genera newly recorded. Garden’s Bulletin Singapore, 73(1), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.26492/gbs73(1).2021-05

• Ormerod, P. (2008). Studies of Neotropical Goodyerinae (Orchidaceae) 3. Harvard Papers in Botany, 13(1), 55-87. https://doi.org/10.3100/1043-4534(2008)13[55:songo]2.0.co;2

• Ormerod, P. (2013). Studies of Neotropical Goodyerinae (Orchidaceae) 5. Harvard Papers in Botany, 18(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.3100/025.018.0108

• Ormerod, P. (2018). Notes on Zeuxine Lindl. (Orchidaceae: Goodyerinae). Harvard Papers in Botany, 23(2), 269-277. https://doi.org/10.3100/hpib.v23iss2.2018.n10

• Pacicco, L., Bodesmo, M., Torricelli, R., Negri, V. (2018). A methodological approach to identify agro-biodiversity hotspots for priority in situ conservation of plant genetic resources. PLOS One, 13(6), e0197709. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197709

• Pridgeon, A. M., Cribb, P. J., Chase, M. W., & Rasmussen, F. N. (2004). Genera Orchidacearum Volume 3, Orchidoideae (Part 2), Vanilloideae. Kew Bulletin, 59(1), 140. https://doi.org/10.2307/4111088

• Rimi, R., Dolois, S., Rahimah, P., Yabainus, J., & Gusili, J. (2004). Additions to checklist of the plants of Crocker Range Park. In M. Maryati, H. Zulhazman, T. Tachi, & J. Nais (Eds.), Crocker Range scientific expedition 2002 (pp. 39-50). Universiti Malaysia Sabah Press.

• Sabah Forestry Department. (2023). Official Website Sabah Forestry Department. https://forest.sabah.gov.my/

• Schuiteman, A., Ryan, C., & Nut, M. (2015). New records of Orchidaceae from Cambodia I. Cambodian Journal of Natural History, 2015(2), 131-138.

• Seaton, P., Kendon, J. P., Pritchard, H. W., Puspitaningtyas, D. M., & Marks, T. R. (2013). Orchid conservation: The next ten years. Lankesteriana, 13(1-2), 93-101. https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v0i0.11545

• Seidenfaden, G., & Wood, J. J. (1992). The orchids of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Olsen & Olsen.

• Smidt, E. C., Salazar, G. A., Mauad, A. V. S. R., Engels, M. E., Viruel, J., Clements, M., Perez, I. J., & Chase, M. W. (2021). An Indomalesian origin in the Miocene for the diphyletic New World jewel orchids (Goodyerinae, Orchidoideae): Molecular dating and biogeographic analyses document non-monophyly of the Neotropical genera. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 197(3), 322-349. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boab028

• Suleiman, M., Masundang, D. P., & Akiyama, H. (2017). The mosses of Crocker Range Park, Malaysian Borneo. PhytoKeys, 88, 71-107. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.88.14674

• Swarts, N. D., & Dixon, K. W. (2009). Terrestrial orchid conservation in the age of extinction. Annals of Botany, 104(3), 543-556. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp025

• Teoh, E. S. (2019). The challenge: Orchid conservation. In Orchids as aphrodisiac, medicine or food (pp. 363-376). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18255-7_18

• Toh, S. M., & Grace, K. T. (2005). Case study: Sabah Forest ownership. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

• Tran, T. K. P., Pham, M. H., Trinh, T. H., Widiarsih, S., & Ho, V. T. (2022). Investigation of the genetic diversity of jewel orchid in Vietnam using RAPD and ISSR markers. Biodiversitas, 23(9), 4816-4825. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230950

• Tseng, C.-C., Shang, H.-F., Wang, L.-F., Su, B., Hsu, C.-C., Kao, H.-Y., & Cheng, K.-T. (2006). Antitumor and immunostimulating effects of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata. Phytomedicine, 13(5), 366-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2004.01.016

• Wood, J. J. (2001). Dendrochilum of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo).

• Wood, J. J. (2004). A new species of Anoectochilus (Orchidaceae: Cranichidae: Goodyerinae) from Mount Kinabalu. Sandakania, 15, 103-108.

• Wood, J. J. (2013). A guide to orchids of Kinabalu. Natural History Publications (Borneo).

• Wood, J. J., & Chan, C. L. (2003). Orchids of Borneo (Vol. 4). Sabah Society.

• Wood, J. J., & Cribb, P. J. (1994). A checklist of the orchids of Borneo. Royal Botanic Gardens.

• Wood, J. J., Beaman, R. S., & Beaman, J. H. (1993). The plants of Mount Kinabalu 2: Orchids. Royal Botanic Gardens.

• Wood, J. J., Beaman, T. E., Lamb, A., Chan, C. L., & Beaman, J. H. (2011). The orchids of Mount Kinabalu (Vol. 1). Natural History Publications (Borneo).

• Woodruff, D. S. (2001). Declines of biomes and biotas and the future of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(10), 5471-5476. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101093798

• Wraith, J., Norman, P., & Pickering, C. (2020). Orchid conservation and research: An analysis of gaps and priorities for globally Red Listed species. Ambio, 49, 1601-1611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01306-7