Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology
Pertanika Journal Home Facebook
Pertanika · Universiti Putra Malaysia Press

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology

Official journal of Universiti Putra Malaysia for scholarly work across science, engineering and related technologies.

e-ISSN 2231-8526 ISSN 0128-7680
Research article

Development of a Fluidized Bed Dryer for Drying of a Sago Bagasse

Nur Tantiyani Ali Othman and Ivan Adler Harry

https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.29.3.13
KeywordsANSYS© fluent, computational fluid dynamic, drying, fluidized bed dryer, sago bagasse
Article content

Abstract

Sago is an essential source of starch for some regions in the third and developing world. However, the sago processing industry has been producing a large amount of sago waste, and the untreated waste is usually disposed to the nearest river. It not only leads to the environmental problem, but it is illegal under the Environmental Quality Act 1974. Since the sago waste still has high starch content, which is 58%, it can be converted to high value-added products such as poultry feed. However, before being converted to other products, the sago must be dried to remove the moisture content to prevent any bacteria growth and ensure safety health issues have been observed. Recently, drying of sago bagasse using a fluidized bed dryer (FBD) has gained attention since the dry rate of the material is considerably faster compared to other methods. Due to that reason, the drying of the sago bagasse in the FBD is studied using computational fluid dynamic as it can be executed in a short period of time compared to the experimental approach. The FBD model was developed using ANSYS© Fluent academic version 19.2. The effect of the hot air feed temperature; T=50, 60, 70, and 80°C and velocity of hot air feed; v=1-4 m/s on the sago’s behavior and performance of fluidization profile were studied. The simulation results showed that the high temperature and air feed velocity would result in a rapid drying rate. Besides, the optimum drying rate was at T=60°C with the v=4 m/s as these conditions give a shorter drying time to achieve of final 10% moisture content. It also has the added advantages of reducing the power energy and cost supply. These optimal conditions are very crucial and should be consider as the dried sago bagasse tend to be retrograded when a higher temperature is applied.
Supporting literature

References

  1. Ansys, Inc. (2019). Ansys fluent in Ansys workbench user’s guide. Ansys, Inc.
  2. Anthony, J., & Shyamkumar, B. (2016). Study on sand particles drying in a fluidized bed dryer using CFD. International Journal of Engineering Studies, 8(2), 129-145.
  3. Argyropoulos, C. D., & Markatos, N. C. (2015). Recent advances on the numerical modelling of turbulent flows. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 39(2), 693-732. https://doi.org/10.106/j.apm.2014.07.001
  4. Arumuganathan, T., Manikantan, M. R., Ramanathan, M., Rai, R. D., Indurani, C., & Karthiayani, A. (2017). Effect of diffusion channel storage on some physical properties of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and shelf-life extension. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 87(3), 705-718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-015-0628-4
  5. Awg-Adeni, S., Abd-Aziz, S., Bujang, K., & Hassan, A. (2013). Recovery of glucose from residual starch of sago hampas for bioethanol production. BioMed Research Corporation, 9(14), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/935852
  6. Bujang, B. (2008). Potentials of bioenergy from the sago industries in Malaysia. In H. W. Doelle, S. Rokem & M. Berovic (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Life Support System (pp. 124-136). Eolss Publishers Co. Ltd.
  7. Charles, M., David, K., & Brenda, N. (2012). Effect of pretreatments and drying methods on chemical composition and sensory evaluation of oyster mushroom (Pluerotus oestreatus) powder and soup. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 38(1), 457-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4549.2012.00794.x
  8. Daud, R. W. (2008). Fluidized bed dryers-recent advances. Advanced Powder Technology, 19, 403-418. https://doi.org/10.1163/156855208x336675
  9. Dejahang, T. (2015). Low temperature fluidized bed coal drying experiment, analysis and simulation (Master Thesis). University of Alberta, Canada.
  10. Hamzehei, M. (2011). CFD modeling and simulation of hydrodynamics in fluidizedbed dryer with experimental validation. ISRN Mechanical Engineering, 2011, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/131087
  11. Honarvar, B., & Mowla, D. (2012). Theoretical and experimental drying of a cylindrical sample by applying hot air and infrared radiation in an inert medium fluidized bed. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 29(2), 231-242. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-66322012000200004
  12. Jalil, N., & Nikbakht, A. M. (2017). Numerical simulation of corn drying in a hybrid fluidized bed-infrared dryer. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 40(2), Article e12373. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.12373
  13. Jannatul, A., Qinfu, H., & Aibing, Y. (2018). Discrete particle simulation of food grain drying in a fluidised bed. Powder Technology, 323, 238-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.10.019
  14. Jongyingcharoen, J. S., Wuttigarn, P., & Assawarachan, R. (2019). Hot air drying of coconut residue: Shelf life, drying characteristics, and product quality. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 301, Article 012033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/301/1/012033
  15. Li-Zhen, D., Arun, S. M., Qian, Z., Xu-Hai, Y., Jun, W., Zhi-An, Z., Zhen-Jiang, G., & Hong-Wei, X. (2019). Chemical and physical pretreatments of fruits and vegetables: Effects on drying characteristics and quality attributes – A comprehensive review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59(9), 1408-1432. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1409192
  16. Maheswari, S. (2015). Drying of pearl millet using fluidised bed dryer: Experiments and modelling. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 8(1), 377-387.
  17. Mortier, C., De Beer, T., Remon, J. P., VerVaet, C., & Nopens, I. (2011). Mechanistic modelling of fluidized bed drying processes of wet porous granules: a review. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 79(2), 205-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.05.013
  18. Mujumdar, A. (1995). Handbook of industrial drying (2nd Ed.). Dekker Publishing.
  19. Naim, M., Yaakub, A. N. H., & Awang, H. D. A. (2016). Commercialization of sago through estate plantation scheme in Sarawak: The way forward. International Journal of Agronomy, 2016, Article 8319542. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8319542.
  20. Orokonkwo, C. A., Nwufo, O. C., Nwaigwe, K. N., Oguuke, N. V., & Anyanmwu, E. (2013). Experimental evaluation of a fluidized bed dryer performance. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 2(6), 45-53.
  21. Othman, N. T. A. , Din, Z. A. M., & Taakrif, S. M. (2020). Simulation on drying of sago bagasse in a fluidized bed dryer. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 15(4), 2507-2521.
  22. Puspasari, I., Meor, Z., Daud, D. W., & Tasirin, S. (2014). Characteristic drying curve of oil palm fibers. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 4(1), 20-24. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.4.1.361
  23. Putra, N., & Ajiwiguna, A. (2017). Influence of air temperature and velocity for drying process. Procedia Engineering, 170, 516-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.082
  24. Rakesh, V., & Paliwal, H. K. (2020). Simulation and analysis of plug flow fluidized bed dryer. nternational Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 9(7), 805-811. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.g5338.059720
  25. Vijay, K. G., Uttara, S., & Amrita, B. (2016). Bioconversion technologies of crude glycerol to value added industrial products. Biotechnology Reports, 9, 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2015.11.002
  26. Yahya, M., & Fudholi, A. (2016). Performances of fluidized bed drying integrated with biomass furnace for drying of paddy. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 13(6), 473-480. https://doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.13.3007