Forest certification (notably FSC, PEFC and national schemes such as MTCS, IFCC, CFCC, SGEC) is a voluntary instrument designed to verify and promote sustainable forest management across economic, environmental, social and governance dimensions. This manuscript draws exclusively on the supplied literature review (Phase 1 Chapter 2) to produce a regional comparative assessment of environmental and social impacts of forest certification in the Asia-Pacific and Europe regions. Using the original document’s thematic synthesis and its stated thematic analysis approach, this paper assesses environmental impacts (e.g. RIL adoption, HCVF identification, tree-cover dynamics) and social impacts (e.g. community engagement, livelihoods, worker safety, indigenous rights), presents results organised by region and scope, and identifies cross-cutting challenges and practical recommendations. Key findings show that Asia-Pacific case studies report clearer operational environmental gains and community capacity benefits in certain cases, while Europe shows stronger governance and social protections with more mixed ecological outcomes. Cross-cutting barriers include certification costs, weak premium signals, capacity gaps and variability in auditing enforcement. All claims are drawn from the supplied literature review.