PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

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• Abracen, J., Langton, C., Looman, J., Gallo, A., Ferguson, M., Axford, M., & Dickey, R. (2013). Mental health diagnoses and recidivism in paroled offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 58(7), 765-779. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X13485930

• Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2006). The psychology of criminal conduct (4th ed.). LexisNexis.

• Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, J. S. (2011). The risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model: Does adding the good lives model contribute to effective crime prevention? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38(7), 735-755. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854811406356

• Bantchevska, D., Bartle-Haring, S., Dashora, P., Glebova, T., & Slesnick, N. (2008). Problem behaviors of homeless youth: A social capital perspective. Journal of Human Ecology, 23(4), 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2008.11906082

• Barnes, J. C., & Beaver, K. M. (2012). Marriage and desistance from crime: A consideration of gene-environment correlation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(1), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00884.x

• Berg, M., & Huebner, B. (2011). Reentry and the ties that bind: An examination of social ties, employment, and recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 28(2), 382-410. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2010.498383

• Berghuis, M. (2018). Reentry programs for adult male offender recidivism and reintegration: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(14), 4655-4676. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X18778448

• Bersani, B. E., & Doherty, E. E. (2013). When the ties that bind unwind: Examining the enduring and situational processes of change behind the marriage effect. Criminology, 51(2), 399-433. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12008

• Braman, D. (2004). Doing time on the outside: Incarceration and family life in urban America. University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.17629

• Brunton-Smith, I., & McCarthy, D. (2017). The effects of prisoner attachment to family on re-entry outcomes: A longitudinal assessment. The British Journal of Criminology, 57(2), 463-482. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azv129

• Butorac, K., Gracin, D., & Stanic, N. (2017). The challenges in reducing criminal recidivism. Public Security and Public Order, 18, 115-131.

• Castillo, E., & Alarid, L. (2011). Factors associated with recidivism among offenders with mental illness. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55(1), 98-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X09359502

• Cheah, P. K., Unnithan, N. P., & Raran, A. M. S. (2019). Rehabilitation programs for incarcerated drug offenders in Malaysia: Experience-based perspectives on reintegration and recidivism. The Prison Journal, 100(2), 201-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885519894656

• Chikadzi, V. (2017). Challenges facing ex-offenders when reintegrating into mainstream society in Gauteng, South Africa. Social Work, 53(2), 288-300. https://doi.org/10.15270/53-2-569

• Christian, J., Mellow, J., & Thomas, S. (2006). Social and economic implications of family connections to prisoners. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(4), 443-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.05.010

• Creswell, J. (2007). Qualitative research designs: Selection and implementation. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(2), 236-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006287390

• de Vries Robbé, M., Mann, R. E., Maruna, S., & Thornton, D. (2015). An exploration of protective factors supporting desistance from sexual offending. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 27(1), 16-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063214547582

• Denver, M., Siwach, G., & Bushway, S. (2017). A new look at the employment and recidivism relationship through the lens of a criminal background check. Criminology, 55(1), 174-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12130

• Doherty, E. E., & Bersani, B. E. (2016). Understanding the mechanisms of desistance at the intersection of race, gender, and neighborhood context. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 53(5), 681-710. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427816632573

• Doherty, E. E., & Ensminger, M. E. (2013). Marriage and offending among a cohort of disadvantaged African Americans. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 50(1), 104-131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427811423106

• Gålnander, R. (2019). Desistance from crime— to what? Exploring future aspirations and their implications for processes of desistance. Feminist Criminology, 15(3), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085119879236

• Green, D., & Winik, D. (2010). Using random judge assignments to estimate the effects of incarceration and probation on recidivism among drug offenders. Criminology, 48(2), 357-387.

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• Henry, D. B., Tolan, P. H., Gorman-Smith, D., & Schoeny, M. E. (2012). Risk and direct protective factors for youth violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(2, Suppl. 1), S67-S75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.025

• Hiday, V. A., & Wales, H. W. (2009). Criminalization of mental illness. In E. Vingilis & S. State (Eds.), Applied research and evaluation in community mental health services: An overview (pp. 563-582). McGill-Queens.

• Hipp, J., Petersilia, J., & Turner, S. (2010). Parolee recidivism in California: The effect of neighborhood context and social service agency characteristics. Criminology, 48(4), 947-979. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00209.x

• Hochstetler, A., DeLisi, M., & Pratt, T. (2010). Social support and feelings of hostility among released inmates. Crime & Delinquency, 56(4), 588-607. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128708319926

• Inzlicht, M., Tullett, A., & Gutsell, J. (2012). Stereotype threat spillover: The short- and long-term effects of coping with threats to social identity. In M. Inzlicht & T. Schmader (Eds.), Stereotype threat: Theory, process, and application (pp. 107-123). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732449.003.0007

• Jasni, M. A., Ah, S. H. A. B., & Nasir, N. C. M. (2020). Three major interrelated factors contributing to homelessness issue among former prisoners in Malaysia. The International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 9, 415-430.

• Kazemian, L., & Maruna, S. (2009). Desistance from crime. In M. Khron, A. Lizotte & G. Hall (Eds.), Handbook on crime and deviance (pp. 277-295). Springer Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0245-0_15

• Khan, M., Epperson, M., Mateu-Gelabert, P., Bolyard, M., Sandoval, M., & Friedman, S. (2011). Incarceration, sex with an STI- or HIV-infected partner, and infection with an STI or HIV in Bushwick, Brooklyn, NY: A social network perspective. Journal of Public Health, 101(6), 1110-1117. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184721

• Langan, P., & Levin, D. (2002). Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs. U.S. Department of Justice.

• Laub, J., & Sampson, R. (2001). Understanding desistance from crime. Crime and Justice, 28, 1-69. https://doi.org/10.1086/652208

• Laub, J., & Sampson, R. (2003). Life-course desisters? Trajectories of crime among delinquent boys followed to age 70. Criminology, 41(3), 301-340. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00997.x

• Levenson, J. (2009). Sex offense recidivism, risk assessment, and the Adam Walsh Act. Sex Offender Law Report, 10(1), 1-6.

• Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (Eds). (2012). From juvenile delinquency to adult crime: Criminal careers, justice policy, and prevention. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828166.001.0001

• Mabhala, M. A., Yohannes, A., & Griffith, M. (2017). Social conditions of becoming homelessness: Qualitative analysis of life stories of homeless people. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(15), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0646-3

• Malaysian Prison Department. (2021). Number of releases and prisoners of repeat offenders, 2010-2020.

• Malik-Kane, K., & Visher, C. (2008). Health and prisoner reentry: How physical, mental, and substance abuse conditions shape the process of reintegration. The Urban Institute.

• Martinez, D., & Abrams, L. (2013). Informal social support among returning young offenders: A metasynthesis of the literature. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(2), 169-190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X11428203

• Maruna, S. (2001). Making good: How ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. American Psychological Association Books. https://doi.org/10.1037/10430-000

• Maruna, S. (2015). Foreword: Narrative criminology as the new mainstream. In L. Presser & S. Sandberg (Eds.), Narrative criminology. Understanding stories of crime (pp. vii-x). New York University Press.

• Maruna, S. (2017). Desistance as a social movement. Irish Probation Journal, 14, 5-20. http://www.probation.ie/en/PB/Pages/WP17000058

• McGrath, R., Lasher, M., & Cumming, G. (2011). A model of static and dynamic sex offender risk assessment. Vermont Department of Corrections. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/236217.pdf

• McNeill, F., & Whyte, B. (2007). Reducing reoffending: Social work and community justice in Scotland. Willan.

• Mears, D., & Mestre, J. (2012). Prisoner reentry, employment, signaling, and the better identification of desisters: Introduction to the special issue. Criminology and Public Policy, 11(1), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2012.00784.x

• Moore, K., Stuewig, J., & Tangney, J. (2016). The effect of stigma on criminal offenders’ functioning: A longitudinal mediational model. Deviant Behavior, 37(2), 196-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2014.1004035

• Petersilia, J. (2003). When prisoners come home: Parole and prisoner reentry. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195160864.003.0009

• Ramakers, A., Apel, R., Nieuwbeerta, P., Dirkzwager, A., & Wilsen, J. (2014). Imprisonment length and post-prison employment prospects. Criminology, 52(3), 399-427. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12042

• Rimke, H. (2011). The Pathological approach to crime: individually based theories, criminology. Critical Canadian Perspectives, 78-79.

• Rocque, M. (2014). The lost concept: The (re) emerging link between maturation and desistance from crime. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895814547710

• Rocque, M., & Welsh, B. C. (2015). Offender rehabilitation from a maturation/biosocial perspective. In M. DeLisi & M. G. Vaughn (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of biosocial criminology (pp. 501-515). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

• Rowe, M., Bellamy, C., Baranoski, M., Wieland, M., O’Connel, M.J., Benedict, P., Davidson, L., Buchanan, J., & Sells, D. (2007). A peer-support, group intervention to reduce substance use and criminality among persons with severe mental illness. Psychiatry Services, 58(7), 955-961. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2007.58.7.955

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• Sampson, R., & Laub, J. (2003). Life-course desisters? Trajectories of crime among delinquent boys followed to age 70. Criminology, 41(3), 555-592. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00997.x

• Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (2005). A life-course view of the development of crime. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 602(1), 12-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716205280075

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• Sanei, M., & Mir-Khalili, S. (2015). Factors affecting recidivism and return to prison male prisoners in the prisons of the West of Guilan and strategies for prevention. Journal of Scientific Research and Development, 2(2), 156-161.

• Sathoo, K. D., Ibrahim, F., Sulaiman, W. S. W., & Mohamad, M. S. (2021). Social Support for optimal reintegration of Malaysian parolees into community. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(3), 431-443. http://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i3/8957

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• Sivabalan, T., & Ibrahim, F. (2018). Faktor-faktor pelindung yang menyumbang ke arah pengintegrasian semula banduan yang berjaya: Satu kajian ulasan sistematik [Protective factors that contribute towards a successful reinforcement of a prisoner: A systematic review]. Journal of Advanced Research in Social and Behavioural Sciences, 12(1), 54-63.

• Sivabalan, T., Ibrahim, F., Mohamad, M. S., & Zakaria, E. (2020). Relationship between self-concept and sense of community with social support among young offenders in Malaysia. Akademika, 90(3), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i14/8571

• Sivabalan, T., Ibrahim, F., Mohamad, M. S., & Zakaria, E. (2021). Pengaruh faktor konsep kendiri, kesedaran komuniti dan sokongan sosial terhadap pengintegrasian sosial bagi pesalah muda di Malaysia [The influence of self-concept, sense of community and social support towards social integration among young offenders in Malaysia]. Kajian Malaysia, 39(1), 117-140. https://doi.org/10.21315/km2021.39.1.6

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• https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/14935

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