PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

 

e-ISSN 2231-8542
ISSN 1511-3701

Home / Regular Issue / JTAS Vol. 31 (5) Aug. 2023 / JST-3812-2022

 

Effect of Pre-Treatment Methods on the Extractability of Christia vespertilionis by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Izni Atikah Abd Hamid, Najla Laazizi, Ana Najwa Mustapa and Norazah Abd Rahman

Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, Volume 31, Issue 5, August 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.31.5.13

Keywords: Carbon dioxide, Christia vespertilionis, co-solvent, medicinal compounds, pre-treatment, supercritical extraction

Published on: 31 July 2023

Christia vespertilionis is a medicinal herb traditionally used as a complementary and alternative medicine to treat cancer and malaria. This study investigated the effect of pre-treatments of the Christia vespertilionis plant on supercritical CO2 extraction yield and solubility. Four pre-treatments were studied: drying and grinding, doping with absolute ethanol (99%) and 80% (v/v) of ethanol/water, and microwave pre-treatment. The supercritical CO2 extraction was conducted at a constant 13.8 MPa, 40℃ with 24 mL/min flow rate in 40 min of extraction time. It was found that the dried sample after drying and grinding pre-treatment produced the highest yield of 4.56 mg/g, whereas the lowest yield was obtained for the fresh leaves’ samples treated with microwave irradiation (1.26 mg/g). Doping techniques with absolute ethanol and 80% (v/v) were comparable in the 2.64 to 2.94 mg/g. GCMS results revealed that Christia vespertilionis extract comprises antioxidants, mainly phytol, limonene, and other medicinal compounds such as α-monolaurin and l-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate. This study indicates that adding co-solvent was not the primary technique in supercritical CO2 extraction to increase the extractability of compounds of interest from plant matrices.

  • Almeida, R. N., Neto, R. G., Barros, F. M. C., Cassel, E., von Poser, G. L., & Vargas, R. M. F. (2013). Supercritical extraction of Hypericum caprifoliatum using carbon dioxide and ethanol+water as co-solvent. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 70, 95-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2013.05.002

  • Bagheri, H., Manap, M. Y. A., & Solati, Z. (2014). Antioxidant activity of Piper nigrum L. essential oil extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction and hydro-distillation. Talanta, 121, 220-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.007

  • Balachandran, S., Kentish, S. E., & Mawson, R. (2006). The effects of both preparation method and season on the supercritical extraction of ginger. Separation and Purification Technology, 48(2), 94-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2005.07.008

  • Beck, C. B. (2010). An Introduction to Plant Structure and Development:Plant Anatomy for the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press.

  • Calvo, A., Morante, J., Plánder, S., & Székely, E. (2017). Fractionation of biologically active components of grape seed (Vitis vinifera) by supercritical fluid extraction. Acta Alimentaria, 46(1), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1556/066.2017.46.1.4

  • Cambie, R., & Ash, J. (1994). Fijian Medicinal Plants. Csiro Publishing.

  • Cargnin, S. T., de Matos Nunes, J., Haas, J. S., Baladão, L. F., Cassel, E., Vargas, R. F., Rech, S. B., & von Poser, G. L. (2010). Supercritical fluid extraction and high performance liquid chromatographic determination of benzopyrans and phloroglucinol derivative in Hypericum polyanthemum. Journal of Chromatography B, 878(1), 83-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.012

  • Chassagne, F., Hul, S., Deharo, E., & Bourdy, G. (2016). Natural remedies used by Bunong people in Mondulkiri province (Northeast Cambodia) with special reference to the treatment of 11 most common ailments. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 191, 41-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.003

  • Chen, Y., & Rosazza, J. P. (1994). Microbial transformation of Ibuprofen by a nocardia species. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60(4), 1292-1296. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.4.1292-1296.1994

  • Čolnik, M., Primožič, M., Knez, Ž., & Leitgeb, M. (2016). Use of non-conventional cell disruption method for extraction of proteins from black yeasts. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 4, Article 33. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2016.00033

  • Conde-Hernández, L. A., Espinosa-Victoria, J. R., & Guerrero-Beltrán, J. Á. (2017). Supercritical extraction of essential oils of Piper auritum and Porophyllum ruderale. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 127, 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2017.03.026

  • Dash, G. K. (2016). An appraisal of Christia vespertilionis (L. F.) Bakh. F.: A promising medicinal plant. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 8(6), 1037-1039.

  • Giacomini, D., Galletti, P., Quintavalla, A., Gucciardo, G., & Paradisi, F. (2007). Highly efficient asymmetric reduction of arylpropionic aldehydes by Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase through dynamic kinetic resolution. Chemical Communications, 39, 4038-4040. https://doi.org/10.1039/B712290J

  • Herrero, M., del Pilar Sánchez-Camargo, A., Cifuentes, A., & Ibáñez, E. (2015). Plants, seaweeds, microalgae and food by-products as natural sources of functional ingredients obtained using pressurized liquid extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 71, 26-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.01.018

  • Hofer, D., Schwach, G., Tabrizi-Wizsy, N. G., Sadjak, A., Sturm, S., Stuppner, H., & Pfragner, R. (2013). Christia vespertilionis plant extracts as novel antiproliferative agent against human neuroendocrine tumor cells. Oncology Reports, 29(6), 2219-2226. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2367

  • Islam, M. T., de Alencar, M. V. O. B., da Conceição Machado, K., da Conceição Machado, K., de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante, A. A., de Sousa, D. P., & de Freitas, R. M. (2015). Phytol in a pharma-medico-stance. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 240, 60-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2015.07.010

  • Ismail, N. Z., Adebayo, I. A., Mohamed, W. A. S., Zain, N. N. M., & Arsad, H. (2021). Christia vespertilionis extract induced antiproliferation and apoptosis in breast cancer (MCF7) cells. Molecular Biology Reports, 48, 7361-7370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06743-w

  • Ivanovic, J., Meyer, F., Stamenic, M., Jaeger, P., Zizovic, I., & Eggers, R. (2014). Pretreatment of natural materials used for supercritical fluid extraction of commercial phytopharmaceuticals. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 37(9), 1606-1611. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201300715

  • Kalaivani, C. S., Sathish, S. S., Janakiraman, N., & Johnson, M. (2012). GC-MS studies on Andrographis paniculata ( Burm . f .) wall . ex Nees - A medicinally important plant. International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2(1), 69-74.

  • Lee, J. J., Saiful Yazan, L., Kassim, N. K., Abdullah, C. A. C., Esa, N., Lim, P. C., & Tan, D. C. (2020). Cytotoxic Activity of christia vespertilionis root and leaf extracts and fractions against breast cancer cell lines. Molecules, 25(11), Article 2610. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112610

  • Lieberman, S., Enig, M. G., & Preuss, H. G. (2006). A review of monolaurin and lauric acid: Natural virucidal and bactericidal agents. Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 12(6), 310-314. https://doi.org/10.1089/act.2006.12.310

  • Liteanu, E., Spiers, C. J., & de Bresser, J. H. P. (2013). The influence of water and supercritical CO2 on the failure behavior of chalk. Tectonophysics, 599, 157-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.04.013

  • Lu, J. J., Bao, J. L., Chen, X. P., Huang, M., & Wang, Y. T. (2012). Alkaloids isolated from natural herbs as the anticancer agents. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, Article 485042. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/485042

  • Mukhopadhyay, M. (2000). Natural Extracts using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. CRC Press LLC.

  • Mustapa, A. N., Manan, Z. A., Azizi, C. Y. M., Norulaini, N. A. N., & Omar, A. K. M. (2009). Effects of parameters on yield for sub-critical R134a extraction of palm oil. Journal of Food Engineering, 95(4), 606-616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.06.025

  • Mustapa, A. N., Martin, A., Gallego, J. R., Mato, R. B., & Cocero, M. J. (2015). Microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenols from Clinacanthus nutans Lindau medicinal plant: Energy perspective and kinetics modeling. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 97, 66-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2015.08.013

  • Mustapa, A. N., Martin, Á., Mato, R. B., & Cocero, M. J. (2015). Extraction of phytocompounds from the medicinal plant Clinacanthus nutans Lindau by microwave-assisted extraction and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Industrial Crops and Products, 74, 83-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.04.035

  • Nautiyal, O. H. (2016). Food processing by supercritical carbon dioxide-review. EC Chemistry, 2(1), 111-135.

  • Nguyen-Pouplin, J., Tran, H., Tran, H., Phan, T. A., Dolecek, C., Farrar, J., Tran, T. H., Caron, P., Bodo, B., & Grellier, P. (2007). Antimalarial and cytotoxic activities of ethnopharmacologically selected medicinal plants from South Vietnam. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 109(3), 417-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.011

  • Okwu, D. E., & Ighodaro, B. U. (2010). GC-MS evaluation of bioactive compounds and antibacterial activity of the oil fraction from the leaves of Alstonia boonei De Wild. Pharma Chemica, 2(1), 261-272.

  • Pejin, B., Savic, A., Sokovic, M., Glamoclija, J., Ciric, A., Nikolic, M., Radotic, K., & Mojovic, M. (2014). Further in vitro evaluation of antiradical and antimicrobial activities of phytol. Natural Product Research, 28(6), 372-376. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2013.869692

  • Pourmortazavi, S. M., & Hajimirsadeghi, S. S. (2007). Supercritical fluid extraction in plant essential and volatile oil analysis. Journal of Chromatography A, 1163(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.021

  • Reverchon, E., & De Marco, I. (2006). Supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation of natural matter. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 38(2), 146-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2006.03.020

  • Rombaut, N., Savoire, R., Thomasset, B., Bélliard, T., Castello, J., Van Hecke, É., & Lanoisellé, J. L. (2014). Grape seed oil extraction: Interest of supercritical fluid extraction and gas-assisted mechanical extraction for enhancing polyphenol co-extraction in oil. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 17(3), 284-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2013.11.014

  • Roy, J. (2011). An Introduction to Pharmaceutical Sciences: Production, Chemistry, Techniques and Technology. Woodhead Publishing.

  • Santos, P., Aguiar, A. C., Barbero, G. F., Rezende, C. A., & Martínez, J. (2015). Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of capsaicinoids from malagueta pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) assisted by ultrasound. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 22(0), 78-88. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.05.001

  • Seleem, D., Chen, E., Benso, B., Pardi, V., & Murata, R. M. (2016). In vitro evaluation of antifungal activity of monolaurin against Candida albicans biofilms. PeerJ, 4, Article e2148. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2148

  • Selvamangai, G., & Bhaskar, A. (2012). GC-MS analysis of phytocomponents in the methanolic extract of Eupatorium triplinerve. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(3), S1329-S1332. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60410-9

  • Sethupathy, S., Vigneshwari, L., Valliammai, A., Balamurugan, K., & Pandian, S. K. (2017). l-Ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate inhibits biofilm formation and virulence in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and prevents triacylglyceride accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. RSC Advances, 7(38), 23392-23406. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA02934A

  • Upadhyay, H. C., Sisodia, B. S., Cheema, H. S., Agrawal, J., Pal, A., Darokar, M. P., & Srivastava, S. K. (2013). Novel antiplasmodial agents from Christia vespertilionis. Natural Product Communications, 8(11), 1591-1594. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1300801123

  • Uquiche, E., Jeréz, M., & Ortíz, J. (2008). Effect of pretreatment with microwaves on mechanical extraction yield and quality of vegetable oil from Chilean hazelnuts (Gevuina avellana Mol). Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 9(4), 495-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2008.05.004

  • Vidović, S., Zeković, Z., Marošanović, B., Todorović, M. P., & Vladić, J. (2014). Influence of pre-treatments on yield, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Satureja montana extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 95, 468-473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2014.10.019

  • Viguera, M., Marti, A., Masca, F., Prieto, C., & Calvo, L. (2016). The process parameters and solid conditions that affect the supercritical CO2 extraction of the lipids produced by microalgae. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 113, 16-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2016.03.001

  • Wang, L., & Weller, C. L. (2006). Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 17(6), 300-312. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2005.12.004

  • Whiting, P. A. (2007). Commercial production of Christia Subcordata Moench by establishing cultural practices and by applying plant growth regulators [Unpublished master thesis]. University of Georgia, USA. https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/whiting_paula_a_200712_ms.pdf

  • Wu, X. Y., Tang, A. C., & Lu, Q. Y. (2012). Study on antitumor effect of the extract from Christia vespertilionis in vivo. Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae, 8, 202-204.

  • Yahya, F., Lu, T., Santos, R. C. D., Fryer, P. J., & Bakalis, S. (2010). Supercritical carbon dioxide and solvent extraction of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline from Pandan leaf: The effect of pre-treatment. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 55(1), 200-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2010.05.027

  • Yu, Q., Duan, W., Liu, B., Duan, Z., & Shang, F. F. (2016). Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive substance from Clinacanthus nutans. In Proceedings of the 2015 4th international conference on sustainable energy and environmental engineering (pp. 748-754). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icseee-15.2016.128

  • Zambari, I. F., Hafid, S. R. A., & Muhamad, N. A. (2021). Optimisation of extraction method and phytochemical compounds of green christia vespertilionis leaves using GC-MS. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 70(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.47583/ijpsrr.2021.v70i01.001