PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

This study aimed to design and validated non-digital game-based lesson plans for teaching Moon phases in primary science using the Act, Play, Do (A.P.D) approach and the ADDIE instructional design model. The lesson plans were developed systematically through the analysis, design and development phases to support the teaching of abstract science concepts among Year 5 pupils. The A.P.D approach consisted of simulation using body movement, card-based game activities and hands-on modelling using Oreo biscuits to support understanding of the relationship between the Earth, Moon and Sun, the sequence of Moon phases and the illuminated portion of the Moon. Expert validation involving one lecturer and two Excellent Science Teachers was conducted using the Content Validity Index (CVI). The findings showed that the I-CVI and S-CVI values for all constructs were 1.00, indicating high content validity and agreement among experts. User validation through interviews during a pilot study revealed the need for clearer instructions, visual aids and additional worksheet questions. Overall, the findings suggest that the non-digital game-based lesson plans developed using the A.P.D approach are suitable, practical and relevant for primary science classrooms, particularly in contexts with limited access to digital resources, while supporting active learning, interaction, engagement and conceptual understanding.